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概要写作提升训练

一、提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。（满分25分）词数少于40的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分。
评分原则：
1、 本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分。
第五档 (21-25) 理解准确，涵盖全部要点 , 能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇 , 有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑完全使用自己的语言
2、评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求来衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。
3、词数少于40的和多于80的，从总分中减去2分
评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：
(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；
(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
(3)上下文的连贯性；
(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况；

阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
(Para1 )Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing.However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
(Para 2 )In the early 16th century,people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was thought to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom.So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
(Para 3)Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking,cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War Ⅱ. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea; clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far?
(Para 4)Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist(免疫学家),encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter position is gaining some ground.
写作步骤：
Step 1: Read 找到关键词和主题句，准确理解，分析原文要点，归纳段落大意。
注意：Find out the topic sentence of each paragraph.
You may need to pay attention to some words like: think, believe, consider,insisit, regard, hold ,argue,support, approve,be convinced that, in one’s opinion,from one’s point of view
Step 2: Make an outline （列提纲，挑出要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲，以所列的提纲为一句写出概要的初稿）
There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt（要点1）
In the 16th century (Para 2 ) People thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease (要点2)
since18th century(Para 3)…has no longer been regarded as…cleaning away dirt is good to health （要点3）
nowadays(Para 4) …encourages children to play in the dirt to build upa strong immune system.（要点4）
Step 3: Rewrite the sentencesin other ways 改写
综合运用以下技巧进行转换
①同义近义替换；
②词性转换；
③句型转换；
④语态转换；
⑤反向表达与正话反说；
⑥句子合并重构 ; 将多个句子合并成一个 " 多枝共干 " 式的简单句或复合句。主要通过句法与词汇，减少使用谓语动语的使用来合并重构。
a. 用非谓语动词替换定语从句或状语从句；
b. 用名词性的语块或非谓语替换名词性从句；
c. 将动词(或表动词意义的形容词)名词化；
d. 使用介词短语替换从句；
e. 使用物称主语的句型；
f. 使用广义词代替具体词减少重复语句的使用。
改写时句型要力求简单，每句话要表意明确，无空泛，笼统，含混之词。
尽量使用短句，慎用长难句。
多使用概括性词语，少用具体的描述性词语。
There is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt
nothing fixed-----different, various,mixed 反义转换
attitudes--------opinions, views,ideas to------towards 同义词替换
The attitudes to dirt is not always thesame.
People’s attitudes to dirt vary in different times.
People hold different opinions towards dirt over time.
② In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease.
Thought（think） -----believe, hold, consider, insist, argue, are convinced….
block out disease------prevent/protect/keep away … from illness同义词替换
One possible version:
Inthe 16^th century, people believed that dirt protected people from
getting ill.
③…. dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.
cleaning away-----wash off, get rid of
is good to-------benefits, is beneficial to, does good to, contributes to… 同义词替换
One possible version:
People began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.
④ Nowadays, … encourages people to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system
encourages------believe, support,agree, approve
play in the dirt------be exposed to.. 同义词替换
People are encouraged to… 语态替换
One possible version:
Nowadays, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.
Step 4: Make the summarycoherent
各要点之间要适当衔接，而且要使用较短的连接词。例如，可使用 but,then,thus ,yet ,though , 少使用或不使用 at the same time ,in the first place ,because of these ,on the other hand 等较长的连接词。
①People hold mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin.
However,
②In the 16 ^thcentury, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.
③people began to change their attitudes to dirt more than 200 years ago. They have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.
Nevertheless/But/however
④nowadays, , some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.
Step 5: Revise 检查
检查时要遵循 4 “C” : complete 要点完整齐全 , correct 遣词造句要准确 , concise 句子要简洁 , coherent 上下文要连贯
Step 6: Clearly copy yourdraft to the paper 工整撰写，注意标点。
参考范文：
People hold mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. In the 16 ^thcentury, people of some European countries believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. They have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. Butnowadays, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. ( 67 words)

二、 （一）原文
阅读下面短文 , 根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。
Although some people don't like using automatic hand dryers in restrooms, It may actually beargued that motion-sensing(动作感应)hand dryers are a practical alternative to paper towels(纸巾). I believe that our school would benefit from investingin automatic hand dryers in all the restrooms.
First of all,the automatic hand dryer Is very sanitary(卫生的). Instead of pulling on a lever(手柄) touched by a large number of students, users can juststick their hands under the air dryer. No bacteria can get on them because there is nothing totouch.
In addition, if the school buys automatic hand dryers, we can save money. There is a terrible waste of paper towels in the restrooms. Students continuously pull on the lever for unneeded towels until the dispensers(自动售货机) are empty. An automatic hand dryer costs about $ 500,with very little additional cost over time while paper towels can cost $ 25 a case, or about $ 500 a year. After just one year, it would pay for itself.
Finally, ourbathroom is a paper towel mess! There arealways piles of paper towels on the floor. Sometimes the extras fall from thedispenser unused. Many times kids make their used towel into a ball and aim fora basket. But if they miss the target, the paper ball stays on the floor. Papertowels leave so much litter in the restrooms that the restrooms are amess.
People use thehand dryers for just a few seconds, and they think that automatic hand dryersdon't dry their hands as thoroughly as paper towels. However, studies have shown that when people dry their hands for at least 30 seconds, automatic dryers actually dry much better than paper towels. It is difficult to get every part ofyour hand dry using paper towels, but the air can if you take a few extra seconds.
As you see there are some good points, let's install automatic hand dryers as soon as possible.
（二）改写
❶Motion-sensing(动作感应)hand dryers are a practical alternative to paper towels(纸巾). I believe that our school would benefit frominvesting in automatic hand dryers in all the restrooms.
-- Compared with paper towels, hand dryers have more advantages , which will benefit school in four ways.
❷ First of all, the automatic hand dryer Is verysanitary(卫生的). No bacteria can get on thembecause there is nothing to touch.
-- First , they are clean and healthy because bacteria can't touch kids.
❸ In addition, if the school buys automatic handdryers, we can save money. There is a terrible waste of papertowels in the restrooms.
-- Additionally , it can help school save money.
❹ Finally, our bathroom is a paper towelmess!
-- Thirdly , our bathroom can be kept clean and neat
❺ When people dry their hands for at least 30seconds, automatic dryers actually dry much better than paper towels. Itis difficult to get every part of your hand dry using paper towels, but the aircan if you take a few extra seconds.
-- Besides , it can dry our hands more effectively if we take longer time.
❻ As you see there are some goodpoints, let's install automatic hand dryers as soon as possible.
-- Therefore , school is advisable to fix the equipment at once.
（三）参考范文

Compared withpaper towels, hand dryers have more advantages, whichwill benefit school in four ways. (要点1) First, they are clean and healthy because bacteria can't touch kids. (要点2) Additionally, it can help school save money. (要点3) Thirdly, our bathroom can be kept clean and neat(要点4). Besides, it can dry our hands more effectively if we take longer time. (要点5) Therefore, school is advisable to fix the equipment at once.(要点6)